Here are the tie strap studs themselves closeup. Looking at how some of them appear, some could have been made by swaging or die casting. While others appear to have been machined. After I saw one particular example I went: �OK - maybe there is too much variation to make an absolute rule�. [I�ll let everyone guess which one. Wink] Best Regards to All, FP

Tie_strap_studs.jpg (70.56 KB, 152 downloads)